Application of an individualized and reassemblable 3D printing navigation template for accurate puncture during sacral neuromodulation

To evaluate the feasibility and safety of an individualized and reassemblable three-dimensional (3D) printing navigation template for making accurate punctures during sacral neuromodulation (SNM).From July 2016 to July 2017, 24 patients undergoing SNM were enrolled. Conventional X-ray guidance was used in the control group, which included 14 patients, while the 3D printing template was used in the experimental group, which included 10 patients. The number of punctures, the average puncture time, the exposure to X-ray, the adjustment time during the operation and the testing of the SNM device, the infection and haemorrhage rate, and the implantable pulse generator (IPG) implantation rates were compared between the two groups.In total, 24 patients successfully underwent stage I. When comparing the control group and the experimental group, the number of punctures were 9.6 ± 7.7 and 1.5 ± 0.7, respectively; the average puncture times were 35.4 ± 14.6 and 4.1 ± 2.2 min, respectively; and the X-ray exposure levels were 8.37 ± 4.83 mAs and 2.34 ± 0.54 mAs, respectively. No postoperative complications were reported in either group. The IPG implantation rates were not different between the two groups.The 3D printing template for SNM can help us to perform accurate and quick punctures into the target sacral foramina, reduce X-ray exposure, and shorten the operation time. For patients with obesity, sacral variation, sacral bone fractures or losses and for patients who are unable to tolerate the prone position during operation, use of the 3D printing template is recommended.