The gut microbiota–metabolome axis mediates the adaptive protective effects of a high-altitude probiotic against distinct aging etiologies

. Metabolomic profiling revealed that AL4510 replenished short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate in both models, indicating restoration of gut fermentative capacity. Importantly, AL4510 engaged in stress-specific metabolic reprogramming: in the D-gal model, it elevated the levels of autophagy-inducing polyamine spermidine and the anti-inflammatory lipoxin B4; in the hypoxia model, it upregulated neuroprotective catalpol, lupeol, and energy-related calcium pantothenate. Integrative correlation and co-occurrence network analyses suggested that AL4510 was associated with a beneficial microbial consortium that correlated with host metabolism potentially involving the microbiota-SCFA axis. Collectively, these findings suggest that AL4510 exerts broad spectrum anti-aging effects potentially involving a "dual-track" mechanism: convergent restoration of gut ecological balance and divergent, stress-adapted reprogramming of host metabolism. This study provides a scientific basis for developing AL4510 as a functional probiotic ingredient or postbiotic formulation for high-altitude adaptation, metabolic anti-aging interventions, and gut-targeted nutritional strategies.