Advances in Carbon Electrode Integration for Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

ABSTRACT Carbon‐electrode‐based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) have emerged as a cost‐effective and scalable alternative to noble‐metal‐based PSCs, addressing critical challenges related to device stability, fabrication complexity, and commercialization potential. This review explores the recent progress in C‐PSC development, focusing on the benefits of carbon electrodes (CEs), including their hydrophobicity, chemical inertness to halide corrosion, and compatibility with low‐temperature cost‐effective solution‐based deposition methods. Despite relatively lower power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) than their metal (e.g., Au/Ag) counterparts, recent advances in carbon paste formulation, interfacial contact engineering, and work function modification have elevated C‐PSC efficiencies above 22%. This review further examines strategies to enhance electrode conductivity, interfacial properties, and charge selectivity to further increase C‐PSC performance. Progress in carbon‐electrode‐based perovskite solar modules (C‐PSMs), particularly within mesoporous and planar architectures, is also analyzed, revealing significant developments in active area scaling and long‐term stability. Notably, the limited research in inverted (PIN) C‐PSCs is also highlighted as a compelling opportunity for innovation, given the architecture's inherent advantages in flexibility, tandem integration, and low‐temperature processing. Collectively, these insights affirm the potential of C‐PSCs and C‐PSMs to deliver affordable, stable, and high‐performance photovoltaics suitable for scalable deployment.