Starch as a Closed Pore Regulator to Boost the Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Rate Performance of Wood-Derived Hard Carbon Anodes

adsorption-intercalation-filling mechanism is thoroughly verified using in situ Raman spectroscopy. This study employs starch as a closed pore modulating agent, providing a cost-efficient route for designing high-capacity biomass-derived HC withrich closed pores.