[Clinical diagnosis and treatment of tracheobronchial fistula: current situation and future perspectives].

Tracheobronchial fistula refers to a pathophysiological condition in which the trachea or bronchi forms abnormal connections with the adjacent cavities or organs such as pleural cavity, esophagus and stomach. It is also a challenging management condition. Tracheobronchial fistula can be caused by surgical and non-surgical issues. or can also be caused by tumor or non-tumor isuues. The most commonly characteristic clinical manifestations are "swallowing, drinking and eating related choking"; High-resolutionchest CT (HRCT), respiratory and digestive endoscopy and other auxiliary examinations are helpful to make a definite diagnosis. Clinical management includes the treatment of acute complications, fistula occlusion, and supportive treatment. In recent years, with the rapid development of endoscopic interventional techniques, most non-tumor tracheobronchial fistulas can be managed with minimally invasive procedures. In the future, the emerging 3D printing technology, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and other technologies, will bring new hope to the treatment of tracheobronchial fistula.气管、支气管瘘是指气管及各级支气管与胸膜腔、食管、胃等邻近腔隙或脏器之间相互交通、形成异常通道（瘘管或瘘口）的一种病理状态，也是处理起来比较棘手的一组临床病症，其成因大致可分为两种：手术和非手术所致。为了方便临床治疗方案的选择，又可将其分为：非肿瘤所致和肿瘤直接所致。其最特征的临床表现为“吞咽、饮水和进食相关的呛咳”；胸部高分辨率CT（HRCT）、呼吸和消化内镜等辅助检查有助于明确诊断。临床处理包括：急性并发症的处理、瘘口的处理以及全身治疗。近年来随着内镜下微创介入治疗技术的快速发展，临床上可以对绝大多数的非肿瘤所致的气管、支气管瘘实现根治。在未来随着3D打印、组织工程以及再生医学等技术的进步，将会给气管、支气管瘘的治疗带来新的希望。.