Investigation of the Impact of Different Materials on the Efficiency of Lead-free Perovskite Solar Cell

A solar cell is an electrical device that converts light energy into electrical energy via the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes called a photovoltaic cell or PV cell. In essence, a solar cell is a p-n junction diode. Solar cells are a type of photoelectric cell, which is characterized as an apparatus that changes its electrical properties in response to light, including resistance, voltage, and current. Organic-inorganic halide-based perovskite solar systems are getting closer to commercialization and have become more efficient. Because lead-based perovskite materials have toxicity issues, the scientific community has recently become interested in lead-free alternatives. A lead-free n-i-p based planar heterostructure perovskite solar cell made of intrinsic-CH3NH3SnI3 methyl ammonium tin iodide (MASnI3) as an i- and p-layer Spiro-OMeTAD with SnO2 for the n layer is optimized for device efficiency using SCAPS numerical simulation. The 3rd layer (electron layer) is modified with an efficiency of 2.03%, with another material SnO2, as the efficiency increased to 2.62%, Voc of 0.6428V, Jsc = 6.44 mA/cm2, and FF of 63.40% are achieved. After that the cell layers of the cell are optimized to achieve the highest efficiency of 10.13%.