A Comprehensive Review of Sources, Structure, Characteristics, Extraction, and Applications of Pectin in Drug Delivery

Pectin, a naturally derived biopolymer, has gained significant attention in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity, biodegradability, tunable physicochemical characteristics, cost-effectiveness, and abundant availability. The functional versatility and bioactivity of pectin are governed by its structural features, particularly its degree of esterification and the presence of reactive functional groups, such as hydroxyl and carboxyl moieties. To further optimize its performance and expand its biomedical applications, various strategies, including chemical modifications (e.g., cross-linking) and the development of pectin-based blend/hybrid/composite materials, have been explored. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pectin, beginning with its sources, structural attributes, physicochemical properties, and extraction methodologies. Subsequently, we examine the applications of pectin-based biomaterials in diverse drug delivery platforms such as nasal, oral, ocular, cancer-targeted, and gene delivery systems. Furthermore, the synthesis, functional properties, and performance of pectin-containing hybrid and composite materials are critically discussed. By consolidating current knowledge on pectin extraction, modification techniques, and advanced applications, this review aims to elucidate the pivotal role of pectin in the development of next-generation drug delivery systems and biomedical innovations.