Structure-directed growth and morphology of multifunctional metal-organic frameworks

• Structure-directed growth and morphology of multifunctional metal–organic frameworks are well discussed. • The structural changes and morphological differences of MOFs would be induced by composition modification. • Various strategies are summarized from the perspectives of precursors, substrates, and synthetic methods. • Multifunctional MOFs show breakthrough performance in environmental protection and energy engineering. • Potential challenges in the controllable preparation and practical applications of MOFs are discussed. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in the whole materials science due to their structural tunability that endows precise size and morphology control. Meanwhile, hierarchical MOFs and their derivatives possess fascinating physicochemical properties with their special morphology, controllable nanostructure, ultra-high porosity, and large specific surface area, which have been widely used in the environment and energy fields. Here, the recent advances in controlled synthesis will be comprehensively introduced, mainly focusing on the transformation of MOF morphology and structure based on the following factors, such as precursors, substrates, and synthesis methods. Furthermore, the progress of relevant MOF applications, including gas storage and separation, dye adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, and fuel cells, is described to emphasize the intrinsic structure–property relationship. Lastly, the challenges and intractable dilemmas arising in their controlled synthesis and performance applications are also briefly discussed.