Structure-directed growth and morphology of multifunctional metal-organic frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in the whole materials science due to their structural tunability that endows precise size and morphology control. Meanwhile, hierarchical MOFs and their derivatives possess fascinating physicochemical properties with their special morphology, controllable nanostructure, ultra-high porosity, and large specific surface area, which have been widely used in the environment and energy fields. Here, the recent advances in controlled synthesis will be comprehensively introduced, mainly focusing on the transformation of MOF morphology and structure based on the following factors, such as precursors, substrates, and synthesis methods. Furthermore, the progress of relevant MOF applications, including gas storage and separation, dye adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, and fuel cells, is described to emphasize the intrinsic structure–property relationship. Lastly, the challenges and intractable dilemmas arising in their controlled synthesis and performance applications are also briefly discussed.