激励
认知
睡眠剥夺对认知功能的影响
分散注意力
心理学
面罩
自然实验
2019年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)
劣势
质量(理念)
大流行
认知心理学
社会心理学
计算机科学
医学
经济
微观经济学
人工智能
哲学
病理
神经科学
认识论
传染病(医学专业)
疾病
标识
DOI:10.1073/pnas.2206528119
摘要
The use of face masks has been a key response to the COVID-19 pandemic in almost every country. However, despite widespread use of masks in classrooms and offices around the world, almost nothing is known about their effects on cognitive performance. Using a natural experiment, I show that mandatory mask wearing has a negative causal effect on the cognitive performance of competitive chess players. I analyzed the quality of almost 3 million chess moves played by 8,531 individuals (ages 5–98 y) in 18 countries before and during the pandemic. Wearing a mask decreased the quality of players’ decisions—a measure of their cognitive performance—by approximately one-third of an SD. However, the disruptive effect of masks is relatively short-lived, gradually weakening such that there is no measurable disadvantage from wearing a mask after roughly 4 h of play. The mask effect is driven by a large, negative effect for experts, with minimal change in performance at lower levels, and is stronger in high-incentive competitions. I provide support for a distraction mechanism whereby masks interfere with performance when working memory load is high.
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