Facile synthesis of covalent organic frameworks functionalized with graphene hydrogel for effectively extracting organophosphorus pesticides from vegetables

A novel covalent organic framework material ([email protected]), for use as a solid-phase dispersion sorbent, has been synthesized for extracting organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) from vegetables. The prepared [email protected] material exhibited many advantageous features, including a large specific surface area (127.95 m2/g) and high pore volume (0.0344 cm3/g), which made it an ideal sorbent for sample pretreatment. The experimental conditions affecting extraction performance (adsorbent type, adsorbent amount, reaction time, pH, ionic concentration, and eluent) were optimized systematically. The extracted analytes were detected by HPLC–MS/MS. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method exhibited a wide linear range (0.5–100 μg/L) and low limits of detection (0.01–0.14 μg/L). The recoveries (75.40%–102.13%) satisfied the requirements for a precise detection method. The proposed method was successfully used for determining malathion, triazophos, quinalphos in lettuce, tomato and cucumber samples, thus indicating the potential of using [email protected] materials for pretreating vegetable samples.