Recent Advances in Carbon Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring

Environmental pollution has arisen from releasing pollutants into water sources in many parts of the world, endangering human health and marine environments. Chemical discharge may come from various places, including wastewater treatment plants, agriculture, manufacturing, and stormwater overflows. As a result, monitoring pollution including, heavy metals, pesticides, toxic gases, and other contaminants in environmental samples such as water (e.g., groundwater, surface water, and drinking water), air, soil, and vegetables is critical to eliminating or reducing their risk and toxicity. Real-time analysis may also have an effect on reducing consumption of a variety of harsh chemicals and reagents, with the additional benefit of on-site contaminant composition assessment prior to discharge into the setting. Electrochemical biosensors have received a lot of interest in solving this issue as a result of recent technological breakthroughs. This review presents the types and properties of carbon-based nanomaterials and their applications in electrochemical biosensors for environmental toxicants over the past five years. We emphasize the sensing performances of electrochemical biosensors in terms of limit of detection, linear range, and their applicability in real samples. This review would be helpful in raising awareness and understanding of the role of electrochemical biosensors in sustaining the environment.