Comparative LCA of energy and environmental impacts in sulfide-based all-solid-state battery manufacturing: Wet vs. dry processes

Driven by the “dual‑carbon” goals, the development of high-efficiency battery energy storage is crucial for reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the power and transport sectors. Sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries (S-ASSBs) have attracted increasing attention due to their high ionic conductivity and enhanced safety; however, the energy use and environmental impacts associated with their manufacturing are still not fully understood, particularly when different production routes are employed in the All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) fabrication stage. This study uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to analyze the resource consumption and environmental impacts of S-ASSBs produced by wet (WP) and dry (DP) processes. Compared to WP, DP allows higher active material content, reducing energy consumption in electrode manufacturing. WP and DP require 13.73 kWh and 7.2 kWh of energy per 1 kWh of battery, respectively—47.6 % less for DP, highlighting its advantages in energy savings and environmental impact. The LCA shows WP's disadvantages in energy and environmental impacts, while DP offers low-carbon, environmentally friendly potential. This study provides valuable references for optimizing S-ASSBs production and supporting the sustainable development of the industry. • Designed a S-ASSB structure for 21,700 cylindrical cells. • Compared wet and dry processes in S-ASSB production using LCA • Achieved 47.6 % energy reduction in dry process production • Applied the Monte Carlo method to analyze production process uncertainties