纳米凝胶
胶体
纳米技术
聚合物
粒子(生态学)
化学
软质材料
生物系统
动态光散射
软物质
高分子科学
材料科学
纳米颗粒
药物输送
海洋学
有机化学
物理化学
地质学
生物
作者
Andrea Scotti,M. Friederike Schulte,Carlos González López,Jérôme J. Crassous,Steffen Bochenek,Walter Richtering
出处
期刊:Chemical Reviews
[American Chemical Society]
日期:2022-06-07
卷期号:122 (13): 11675-11700
被引量:52
标识
DOI:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00035
摘要
Softness plays a key role in determining the macroscopic properties of colloidal systems, from synthetic nanogels to biological macromolecules, from viruses to star polymers. However, we are missing a way to quantify what the term “softness” means in nanoscience. Having quantitative parameters is fundamental to compare different systems and understand what the consequences of softness on the macroscopic properties are. Here, we propose different quantities that can be measured using scattering methods and microscopy experiments. On the basis of these quantities, we review the recent literature on micro- and nanogels, i.e. cross-linked polymer networks swollen in water, a widely used model system for soft colloids. Applying our criteria, we address the question what makes a nanomaterial soft? We discuss and introduce general criteria to quantify the different definitions of softness for an individual compressible colloid. This is done in terms of the energetic cost associated with the deformation and the capability of the colloid to isotropically deswell. Then, concentrated solutions of soft colloids are considered. New definitions of softness and new parameters, which depend on the particle-to-particle interactions, are introduced in terms of faceting and interpenetration. The influence of the different synthetic routes on the softness of nanogels is discussed. Concentrated solutions of nanogels are considered and we review the recent results in the literature concerning the phase behavior and flow properties of nanogels both in three and two dimensions, in the light of the different parameters we defined. The aim of this review is to look at the results on micro- and nanogels in a more quantitative way that allow us to explain the reported properties in terms of differences in colloidal softness. Furthermore, this review can give researchers dealing with soft colloids quantitative methods to define unambiguously which softness matters in their compound.
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