Review of safety regulations, codes, and standards (RCS) for hydrogen distribution and application

The global transition toward decarbonization and the Paris Agreement’s zero-carbon target has led to increased interest in secondary energy sources. Hydrogen, with its high efficiency, cleanliness, and diverse storage forms, has emerged as a promising alternative fuel. However, the flammability and explosiveness of hydrogen pose safety concerns, limiting its widespread development. This study focuses on hydrogen distribution and application safety issues, aiming to identify gaps and propose recommendations. A comprehensive document review of safety standards and best practices was conducted, highlighting the need for tailored RCS and safety measures. The paper focuses on maritime and land-based hydrogen transportation, as well as its application in Hydrogen Refuelling Stations. By analyzing accident cases and existing literature, this research provides insights into the regulatory landscape and suggests measures to enhance safety practices in the hydrogen energy sector. The findings serve as a valuable reference for establishing a robust legal framework to promote the growth and safety of the hydrogen industry.