Current Practice and Evidence for Endoscopic Spine Surgery

Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) represents a development in minimally invasive procedures, offering the potential benefits of reduced tissue disruption, shorter recovery times, and enhanced precision. This review traces the historical development of ESS, explores its core techniques—including transforaminal, interlaminar, and biportal approaches—and evaluates its role in treating conditions like herniated disks and spinal stenosis. By comparing clinical outcomes of ESS with standard open surgery, this article highlights the importance of patient selection, surgeon expertise, and evidence-based practice. Challenges, such as the steep learning curve, limitations in visualization, and risk of complications, are discussed, along with strategies for integrating ESS into modern spine care. The review concludes by identifying research gaps and opportunities for technological advancements, aiming to guide surgeons in adopting ESS and improving patient outcomes.