Green synthesis of In2S3-supported Ni-MOF: Bifunctional photocatalyst for sustainable H2O2 production and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol photoreduction

• Nickel-based MOF was developed on neem extract derived In 2 S 3 . • The fabricated material showed dual functionality in H 2 O 2 production and 2,4,6-TNP reduction. • The synergistic effect of In 2 S 3 and Ni-MOF led to a better charge transfer and ROS formation. • The developed nanomaterial showed high reusability and functionality. This study describes a unique and sustainable strategy for synthesizing a highly effective photocatalyst using solvothermal synthesis to combine bioderived In 2 S 3 and Nickel Metal-Organic Framework (Ni-MOF) forming In 2 S 3 /Ni-MOF. Bioderived In 2 S 3 was produced using Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract, providing a green and sustainable source for semiconductor material synthesis. The synergistic interaction of In 2 S 3 with Ni-MOF led to better charge transfer kinetics, a wider band gap, and reduced charge recombination, all contributing to increased photoactivity. The constructed photocatalyst performed admirably under visible light irradiation in producing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) with an impressive 1528.5 μmol/g.h yield. Furthermore, the photocatalyst demonstrated extraordinary effectiveness in reducing 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2,4,6-TNP), with a reduction efficiency of 96.31 % in 20 min and high reusability in both applications. The observed results highlight the importance of the collaborative impact between In 2 S 3 and Ni-MOF, demonstrating the promise of this green-synthesized material as a highly efficient photocatalyst with dual uses in various environmental settings. Using renewable neem leaf extract to manufacture In 2 S 3 adds an environmentally beneficial component to the entire strategy, helping to build sustainable and efficient photocatalytic materials.