Biosensor technologies: DNA-based approaches for foodborne pathogen detection

Foodborne diseases are a global concern due to their high impact on morbidity, and mortality worldwide. The traditional method of bacterial detection is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. Alternative methods, such as immunoassays and polymerase chain reactions, have limited applicability due to the need for an enrichment process and expensive equipment. DNA-based biosensors have gained interest in the field of detection, due to their high rapidity, high sensitivity, and high specificity, which provides a promising technology for bacterial detection. To fabricate DNA-based biosensors, the immobilization of DNA probes on electrodes is a crucial process. This review delves into the three techniques of DNA probe immobilization, discussing their respective advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, recent advancements in DNA-based biosensors are explored. The integration of advanced molecular techniques such as DNA nanostructures, DNA walkers, and the CRISPR-Cas system with DNA-based biosensors for foodborne pathogens is also discussed in this work.