Simulation of the catastrophic process of subaqueous landslides on different slope types under the action of gradual waves

Submarine landslides are inherently difficult to detect, complicating the timely issuance of disaster warnings and rapid risk assessments. Understanding the catastrophic evolution of submarine landslides under complex environmental conditions is fundamental to marine landslide disaster prevention and mitigation. This study employs a simulation approach at the model test scale, leveraging secondary development of open-source programs, to investigate the multi-condition catastrophic processes of underwater landslides under gradually varying wave conditions. The research elucidates how different slope material types influence flow velocity changes on the slope surface. It also examines the evolution of impact loads on the slope toe baffle during the sliding process, identifying density (ρ), viscosity (η), and fluidity index (n) as the primary parameters controlling the movement energy during the flow sliding process. Furthermore, the study reproduces the catastrophic evolution of underwater slope landslides in multi-stage wave environments, revealing the progressive landslide behavior and staged sliding accumulation characteristics of double-slope surfaces. These findings provide valuable insights for the safety protection and disaster reduction design of nearshore submarine landslides.