Role of low-grade inflammation in osteoarthritis

Purpose of review Inflammatory changes in joint tissues can be detected by modern imaging techniques in osteoarthritis patients, but may be clinically subtle compared with many other types of arthritis. These changes associate with disease progression and clinical severity, and many inflammatory mediators may have biomarker utility. Moreover, a number of inflammatory mechanisms play a role in animal models of disease, but it is still not clear which mechanisms predominate and might be therapeutically manipulated most effectively. This review highlights specific examples of recent advances published in the past 18 months that have advanced this field. Recent findings Clinical investigators now show that synovial inflammation is associated with pain sensitization, and similar to knee osteoarthritis, is a common and important feature of hand osteoarthritis. In addition, recent advances in basic studies demonstrate inflammatory markers and mechanisms related to leukocyte activity, innate immune mechanisms, and the chondrocyte-intrinsic inflammatory response that might provide better opportunities for early detection, prognosis, or therapeutic intervention. Summary Inflammation plays a central role in osteoarthritis pathogenesis, but additional translational work in this field is necessary, as are more clinical trials of anti-inflammatory approaches.