Akkermansia muciniphila- derived extracellular vesicles alleviate colitis-related cognitive impairment via tryptophan metabolic reprogramming of the gut‒brain axis

. Our findings establish AmEVs as a multifaceted therapeutic agent that concurrently resolves gut inflammation and cognitive deficits via gut-brain axis modulation, offering novel strategies for IBD-related neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Further research is warranted to validate critical vesicular components and optimize clinical translation.