成核
钙钛矿(结构)
材料科学
碘化物
无定形固体
化学工程
能量转换效率
化学气相沉积
解吸
加合物
沉积(地质)
化学
吸附
纳米技术
光电子学
无机化学
物理化学
结晶学
有机化学
古生物学
沉积物
工程类
生物
作者
Jinzhao Li,Huanqi Cao,Xin Wang,Hao Zhu,Zheng‐Gao Dong,Liying Yang,Shougen Yin
出处
期刊:ACS applied energy materials
[American Chemical Society]
日期:2019-03-12
卷期号:2 (4): 2506-2514
被引量:18
标识
DOI:10.1021/acsaem.8b02042
摘要
Air-stable precursor films are critical to reproducibly fabricating the large-area perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in sequential deposition. In traditional sequential vapor approaches, perovskite films suffer from the impingement of hot organic vapor molecules. As a consequence, interfacial voids and structural faults were frequently observed in thick perovskite films (>500 nm) that were formed from simultaneous surface and interfacial nucleation of the perovskite phase. Here, the surface nucleation was suppressed using thermally stable amorphous precursors that could withstand the impingement of hot molecular vapors. We compared the stability of several PbI2 adducts and observed that the PbI2–(1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, DMI)) adduct was stable at elevated temperature in air for tens of minutes, providing a sufficient time window for sequential processes. First-principle calculation suggests that DMI adsorbed on PbI2 needs more energy to desorb than DMSO. The adduct films were converted into perovskite phases using vapor exchange deposition (VED). The perovskite phases prepared via VED comprised vertically monolithic grains, indicating a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism. The deposited perovskite films were dense and free of pinholes. Therefore, the shunt resistance of the devices was much higher than those of devices made via traditional vapor approaches. By connecting the ITO electrode symmetrically, we observed that the series resistance varied little with the increase of the device area. Moreover, uniform and kinetically controlled supply of the vapor over a large area facilitated the scale-up of the device area. Finally, we obtained PSCs with power conversion efficiency of 19.2% and 19.0% over active areas of 0.1125 cm2 and 1.8 cm2, respectively. The reported approach opens a promising path for fabricating large-area PSCs without compromising efficiency much.
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