Graphene inks for printed flexible electronics: Graphene dispersions, ink formulations, printing techniques and applications

Graphene inks have recently enabled the dramatic improvement of printed flexible electronics due to their low cost, ease of processability, higher conductivity and flexibility. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art of the fundamental formulation of graphene inks and the current printing techniques used for inks deposition, followed by recent practical applications for printed flexible electronics. The progression of science and technology for the dispersion of graphene using variety of solvents and the characteristics of the resulting conductive inks have been highlighted, with specific emphasis focused on the challenges to be resolved. The printing techniques discussed here include screen printing, gravure printing, inkjet printing and other emerging printing technologies. Each approach's pros and cons are discussed in correlation with the ink formulations and the operating principles. We also discuss the challenges and outlook of graphene ink for its future development in the world of printed flexible devices.