Advances in long DNA synthesis

The past decade has seen exciting new developments in techniques used to assemble small DNA fragments into larger constructs, in turn leading to technological improvements in the ability of gene synthesis. The reduced cost of whole gene synthesis has facilitated the process of making modifications in the genomic structure and function, thereby paving the path for the synthesis of genomes from scratch. BioBricks, BglBricks, Golden Gate method, primer extension reactions, and microarray-derived oligo pools are some of the techniques used to assemble small-sized DNA, which utilizes standardized restriction enzyme-based reactions. Alternatively, for larger assemblies, in vitro Gibson isothermal technique and in vivo DNA assembly in yeast and Bacillus are becoming increasingly popular. This review discusses the history of gene synthesis, provides a critical examination of the recent DNA assembly strategies, and sheds light on the future challenges and prospects that the present technologies provide in forwarding synthetic biology. Further research and advancements in synthetic biology are expected to find applications in medicines, biofuels, etc.