The electrostimulation and scar inhibition effect of chitosan/oxidized hydroxyethyl cellulose/reduced graphene oxide/asiaticoside liposome based hydrogel on peripheral nerve regeneration in vitro

The application of hollow nerve conduits in the repair of peripheral nerve defects is effected by inferior recovery, and nerve extension is hampered by the scar tissue generated during the repair process. In this study, the filler in hollow nerve conduit, chitosan/oxidized hydroxyethyl cellulose (CS/OHEC) hydrogel loaded asiaticoside liposome and the conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were developed and used to reform the microenvironment for peripheral nerve regeneration. The physiochemical properties of CS/OHEC/rGO/asiaticoside liposome hydrogel were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and compressive modulus, porosity, swelling ratio, degradation and conductivity. In addition, the asiaticoside release profiles in vitro were investigated. The hydrogel had a continuous porous network structure with pore size distribution in the range of 50–250 μm. The majority of the hydrogels had porosities above 70%, and a compressive modulus of 0.45 MPa. The weight loss rate of hydrogel reached 76.14 ± 4.45% within 8 weeks. The conductivity of the hydrogel was 5.27 ± 0.42 × 10−4 S/cm. The hydrogel was non-toxic and suitable for adhesion and proliferation of nerve cells in vitro. In addition, the application of electrical stimulation after the addition of rGO can promote the differentiation and proliferation of nerve cells, accelerating nerve regeneration. The asiaticoside released from the hydrogel had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth and collagen secretion of fibroblasts, eliminating scars for regenerative nerves, which can promote the function recovery of defected peripheral nerve. Together, these positive results indicate that the hydrogel would be a promising candidate for peripheral nerve regeneration.