Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

Vol. 80 (2009) No. 4 (pp. 335–441) Original Papers Chemical characteristics of humic and fulvic acids in cattle manure practically processed and applied in a field Xiangzhen LI*1, Masayuki TANI*2, Daigo AIUCHI*1, Masanori KOIKE*2 and Katsuhisa KURAMOCHI*2 *1The United Grad. Sch. Agric. Sci., Iwate Univ., *2Dep. Agro-Environ. Sci., Obihiro Univ. Agric. Vet. Med. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 335–346, 2009) Recently special attention has been paid to the humification of organic wastes during composting to evaluate maturity and quality of products. The effects of composting period and degree of maturity on production and optical characteristics of humic substance and structural features of humic acid in practically processed cattle manures were investigated. Beef cattle manure, which were mixed with bark litter and well composted (bark compost) by monthly turning for 5 and 12 months, were selected to evaluate effects of composting periods on the humification. Relative color density (RF value) of humic acid in bark composts increased with increase in the duration of composting. Optical characteristics and structural features of humic acids extracted by water and NaOH solution from four selected dairy and beef cattle manures, which showed completely different degree of maturity, were compared. Humic acids extracted by NaOH solution from dairy cattle manures, which were extremely high in moisture and not aerobically composted, were classified into the immature Rp-type and characterized by lignin-like structures from UV-VIS and FT-IR spectra. Aerobically fermented and well-matured beef cattle manure contained the humified B-type humic acid, which was characterized by carboxylic group and amide structures. These functional groups were more remarkable in the water-extracted humic acids than NaOH-extracted ones. It was concluded that practically well processed and matured cattle manure, which had been selected in the present study, contained highly humified organic matter compared to those reported in the previous studies, probably due to high temperature and its own heavy weight on a large scale. Key words: cattle manure, field application, humic acid, fulvic acid, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Top-dressing of silicate at the panicle formation stage of rice alleviates yield suppression induced by seawater adhered on the panicles at ripening stage Shizuka MORI*1, Yasushi SHIBATA*1, Hiroyuki MATUDA*1 and Hiroshi FUJII*2 *1Yamagata General Agric. Res. Cent., Dept. of Agro-Prod. Sci., Shonai Branch., *2Yamagata Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 347–354, 2009) We artificially demonstrated the salt adhered damage by spraying seawater on the panicles of rice at ripening stage and evaluated the effects of top-dressing of silicate at the panicle formation stage on the yield suppression induced by the seawater adhesion. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The amounts of silicate uptake of rice plants before seawater spraying were increased by the top-dressing of silicate (top-dressing: 10 and 29 d before heading in 2005 and 2006, respectively). 2) In an experiment spraying 5 mL of seawater on the panicles of a hill, the amounts of salt adhesion on a panicle were 1.0 mg in all experimental plots in 2005 and 1.9 and 1.3 mg in experimental plots with and without silicate top-dressing, respectively. In an experimental plot without seawater-spraying, the amount of salt adhesion was 0 to 0.1 mg per a panicle. 3) In the seawater-spraying experiment, the rate of damaged and colored spikelets to all spikelets was lower in silicate top-dressing plot than in non-dressing plot in both 2005 and 2006. 4) In the seawater-spraying experiment, the grain yields were larger in silicate top-dressing plot than in non-dressing plot in both 2005 and 2006. 5) The rate of grains over 1.9 mm in particle size to all grains was higher in silicate top-dressing plot than in non-dressing plot in the seawater-spraying experiment. 6) The silicate concentrations in rice plants at maturing stage were higher in silicate top-dressing plot than in non-dressing plot in the seawater-spraying experiment. In conclusion, the top-dressing of silicate at the panicle formation stage of rice is effective in increasing the silicate contents of seawater-exposed part (especially panicle). As a result, decrease of grain yield and the rate of grains over 1.9 mm in particle size by the seawater exposure was not severe in the silicate top-dressing plot than in the non-dressing plot. Key words: salts, salt wind damage, sea water, silicates, yields. Residual phosphorus availability and salt influence of carbonized cattle manure and washed material on successively cultivated Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L.) Takashi SHINGYOJI*1,2, Tsuneo MATSUMARU*1 and Kazuyuki INUBUSHI*2 *1Chiba Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, *2Grad. Sch. Hort., Chiba Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 355–364, 2009) Recent research has demonstrated that carbonized cattle manure (CCM) containing citric-acid soluble phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) could be used as a rapidly released PK fertilizer. Two experiments were carried out to develop another usage of CCM as a slowly released P material using Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L.) as a test plant in two soils; Andosol and a sandy soil. In Experiment 1, top growth of the plant was increased only by the addition of P but not of K in the Andosol and sandy soil with very low PK levels. Results indicated that this plant is useful for evaluating the P availability of CCM. In Experiment 2, to evaluate initial and residual P availability of CCM and other P materials, plants were pot-cultivated 4 times a year successively. The weight of the upper plant was measured on both soils where thermal-fused phosphate (Yoorin) 900 kg P2O5 ha−1, CCM 900 kg P2O5 ha−1 and washed CCM by water 80 to 1 CCM, w/w (WCCM) 750 kg P2O5 ha−1 were applied one time prior to the first planting. Superphosphate 150 kg P2O5 ha−1 was added at each pre-planting as a control. In the Andosol, in the first and second plantings, the availability of P supplied in Yoorin, CCM and WCCM was similar to the P of the control. At the third planting, P availability in Yoorin was also similar to the control; however the response of P in CCM rose to 150% and WCCM declined to 80% of the P availability in the control. At forth planting, the P in all three materials was approximately 20% less available than that of the control. In the sandy soil, by the end of the second planting, the P availability in Yoorin and WCCM was also similar to that of the control. For the CCM, there was a decline in the P availability. From the third planting, availability of P in Yoorin was similar to the control. The availability of P in CCM and WCCM increased significantly to 140% and 240% of that from the control. The P extractants of the soils were measured and averaged using water and the Truog-method after each harvest. The P contents of the applied Andosol, CCM and WCCM showed very little increase similar to the Yoorin. However, the water solubility of P in the applied sandy soil showed both CCM and WCCM increased by 5 to 9 times more than that of the applied Yoorin at the first planting. The water-soluble salts, Cl and K averaging contents of either applied soils CCM were 2 to 3 times and 13 to 18 times higher than that of the control. In the case of WCCM, these contents were estimated 1/4 to 1/2 and 2 to 4 times compared to the control. Thus the WCCM is considered a useful phosphate material without a high risk of salt accumulation where much CCM application is required. Key words: washed carbonized cattle manure, Komatsuna, phosphorus, availability, salt. Relative velocity of nitrate transport as affected by adsorption in different Andosols in Hokkaido Naomichi MIKI*1,2, Takehiko MATSUMOTO*1,2 and Hidetaka KATOU*3 *1Hokkaido Cent. Agric. Exp. Stn., *2present address; Hokkaido Konsen Agric. Exp. Stn., *3Natl. Inst. Agro-Environ. Sci. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 365–378, 2009) Retardation of nitrate transport due to adsorption and its effects on nitrate leaching in the fields were investigated in different Andosols in Hokkaido. Seventy-five agricultural soils differing in the soil horizon and source ejecta were repacked into columns, and one-dimensional unsaturated flow experiments were conducted by supplying 2.3–11.5 mM Ca(NO3)2. Retardation of nitrate transport was determined from the water and nitrate content profiles in the columns, and correlated with routinely-determined soil properties. The velocity of nitrate relative to water, averaged for soils grouped with respect to the soil horizon and source ejecta, ranged from 0.58 to 1.00, with the general order of B, C £ buried A < Ap horizons. A highly negative correlation was observed between the relative velocity of nitrate and the acid oxalate-extractable Si content (Sio). Except for the Ap horizons, the relative velocity was negatively correlated (significant at 1% level) with the adsorbed SO4 2− content, which could stand proxy for the anion exchange capacity of the soils. Nitrate velocity in the B, C horizons was also affected by the type and age of source ejectas, with the retardation increasing with age for the source ejectas younger than 2000–3000 year. Truog-P and total carbon contents were found to increase the relative velocity of nitrate in the Ap and buried A horizons, respectively. Based on these results, multiple regression equations were developed for predicting the relative velocity of nitrate from Sio, clay and Truog-P contents for the Ap horizons, from Sio, total carbon and adsorbed SO4 2− contents for the buried A horizons, and from Sio and adsorbed SO4 2- contents for the B, C horizons. Nitrate leaching observed in two Andosol fields was in accord with the laboratory assessments, and demonstrated that nitrate adsorption can effectively retard the downward transport of nitrate in the Andosol fields. Key words: Andosols, nitrate adsorption, nitrate leaching, retarded transport, source ejecta. Effect of applied position of crushed fibrous-banboo and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and N, P, K accumulation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cv. Fukuyutaka Takeo YAMAKAWA*1, Mayuko YAMANO*2 and Motoki IKEDA*1 *1Grad. Sch. Bioresour. Bioenviron. Sci., Kyushu Univ., *2Dept. Plant Resour., Fac. Agric., Kyushu Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 379–386, 2009) A pot experiment was performed in a greenhouse in 2003 and 2004 years about the effect of the applied position of the bamboo powder (B) and the nitrogen fertilizer (N) on yield and N, P, K accumulation of soybean cv. Fukuyutaka. Experimental plots were control, B/N-surface, N/B-surface, B-mixed/N-mixed and B-surface/N-mixed plot with three replicates. The difference of each plot was to change the applied position of B and N. Plastic pots with drain (1/5000 a) were filled with Futsukaichi soil. In 2004 years, an effect of applied position of bamboo powder on the utility of applied nitrogen by soybean was investigated by using ammonium sulfate labeled with 15N (20.7 atom%). High SPAD value and N content in leaf was maintained in N/B-surface and B-surface/N-mixed plot in the filling period, and the seed number and yield increased compared to control. On the other hand, the decline of SPAD value at vegetative stage and the seed number in B-mixed/N-mixed plot suggested the large immobilization of applied nitrogen by the mixing of bamboo powder in soil. Therefore, the decrease of seed yield was thought to be the temporary shortage of nitrogen before flowering. Nitrogen absorption from N-fertilizer was depressed by the incorporation of bamboo powder in the 15N experiment. Also, accumulation of K was promoted by application of bamboo powder except of B-mixed/N-mixed plot. Therefore, bamboo powder might be useful for K-fertilizer. From these results, the mulch of bamboo powder increased the seed yield more than the mixed application. And, the mixed application of bamboo powder decreased the seed yield less than no application, this was though that the initial growth of mixed application was depress and the growth rate after flowering stage was recovered equally to that for surface application after flowering, however it didn't reflect on the actual seed production. Key words: mixed application, bamboo powder, soybean, surface application, mulch. Notes Movement of elution nitrogen from coated urea during winter and spring period by ridging, fertilizing and mulching in autumn of the previous year Sayo FUJIWARA*1, Haruka URATA*1, Hideyuki HIRAI*2, Katsuyuki KATAYAMA*3, Hisashi HOSOKAWA*3 and Yoshihiko TAKAHASHI*4 *1Grad. Sch. Sci. and Tech., Niigata Univ., *2Ishikawa Agr. Res. Cent., *3National Agr. Res. Cent. Hokuriku Res. Cent., *4Fac. Agric., Niigata Univ. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 387–391, 2009) The raid determination of nitrate concentration in potassium chloride extracts Shinji KANEKO*1, Masahiro INAGAKI*1 and Tomoaki MORISHITA*1 *1Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry Forest Products Research Institute. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 392–395, 2009) Nitrate ion determination in vegetables using a portable nitrate ion electrode Hidekazu ITO National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science Effect of cow-manure application on the growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Lotus corniculatus in a mountain sand Kazunori SAKAMOTO*1, Kouhei ITO*2,3, Kazuyuki INUBUSHI*1 and Hiroyuki SATOH*4 *1Chiba University Graduate School, Faculty of Horticulture, *2Chiba University Graduate School of Science and Technology, *3present address; KUREHA ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT CO., LTD., *4DC CO., LTD. (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 399–402, 2009) Nitrous oxide emission from cattle manure compost pellets applied to Andosols Tsuyoshi YAMANE*1 and Ichiro YAMADA*1 *1National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 403–407, 2009) Current Topics Boron spray to reduce the hollow disorder of fruit surface in mango Shigeru UENOSONO*1, Manabu NISHIDA*1,2, Shouichi HASHIMOTO*1,3 and Akihiro HIGASHI*1 *1Kagoshima prefectural Institute for Agricultural Development, *2present address; Kagoshima Prefecture, *3present address; Kagoshima prefectural Institute for Agricultural Development, Hokusatsu Branch (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 408–412, 2009) Development of controlled-release fertilizer mixture for taro and effects on reduction in nitrate leaching from soil Takanori OOMORI*1,2 and Hideki MATSUMOTO*1,3 *1Ehime Agricultural Experiment Station, *2present address; Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, *3present address; Ehime Prefecture (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 413–416, 2009) Lecture Recent development in analytical methods of humic substances – Introduction Akira WATANABE Nagoya University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and School of Agricultural Sciences (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 417–418, 2009) Recent progresses in the analytical methods of humic substances 1. Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence analysis Nagamitsu MAIE Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 419–426, 2009) Miscellaneous Seminar report on commercial labeling for microbial inoculants and assessment of their amendment for sustainable agriculture Tomoyoshi HASHIMOTO National Agricultural Research Center for Kyusyu Okinawa Region (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80 427–428, 2009) Inspection and certification system of microbial inoculants for sustainable agriculture in Korea Kyung-Sook WHANG Institute of Microbial Ecology and Resources, Mokwon University (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 429–431, 2009) Abstracts of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 55, No. 3 (2009) (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 432–435, 2009) News (Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 80, 436–441, 2009)