Destabilization of the surface structure of Ni-rich layered materials by water-washing process

Washing Ni-rich layered materials with water is a simple and effective way to reduce gas evolution by eliminating the gas generation factors. However, the water-washing process itself degrades the electrochemical performances; hence additional treatments such as heating and coating are undertaken. Thus, most studies for the post-process mainly focus on the relationship between additional treatments and electrochemical performances, not paying much attention to the water-washing effect. Here, we focused on the effect of water-washing on the Ni-rich layered materials by studying bare and water-washed LiNi0.88Co0.054Mn0.066O2(NCM) cathodes. The results of synchrotron-based X-ray analysis indicate that the crystal and electronic structures are the same in the bulk aspect after the water-washing process, but differences occur in the surface environment. The amount of Li2CO3 decreases while NiO-like rock-salt phase increases on the surface of the water-washed NCM, and it deteriorates the rate performances by elevating the surface resistances. Furthermore, the surface layer reconstruction of water-washed NCM, which has lower capacity retention during 200 cycles, is much more severe than the bare NCM; this indicates that the water-washing process makes the surface of Ni-rich layered materials more vulnerable to the side reaction, facilitating the formation of NiO-like rock-salt phase by the reconstruction.