CLTRN, Regulated by NRF1/RAN/DLD Protein Complex, Enhances Radiation Sensitivity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Through Ferroptosis Pathway

Purpose Radiation therapy is a viable treatment option for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, radiation resistance and adverse effects are issues that needs to be addressed. Herein, for the first time, we investigated the ability of collectrin (CLTRN) to enhance radiosensitivity in patients with HCC. Methods and Materials Transcriptome sequencing technology (RNA-seq technology) was used to analyze the transcription-level changes in the genes in HepG2 cells before and after x-ray irradiation. Combining the results with the HCC tissue RNA-seq data, we determined the ultimate target gene through bioinformatics analysis and cellular verification. A series of cellular and molecular biology techniques were applied in vitro and in vivo to confirm whether CLTRN can enhance radiosensitivity in HCC cells. Subsequently, the downstream action mechanism, the upstream transcription factor, and the interaction proteins of CLTRN were determined. Results First, we confirmed that CLTRN is the target gene for radiation therapy and verified the association between CLTRN and radiosensitivity. In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed. Investigation of the gene regulatory mechanism revealed that the genes analyzed at the transcriptome level after CLTRN overexpression were mostly enriched in the glutathione metabolic pathway. As glutathione metabolism forms a vital link in ferroptosis, we surmised that CLTRN is associated with ferroptosis. This was confirmed through detection of cellular iron, determination of reactive oxygen species levels, use of transmission electron microscopy, and monitoring of ferroptosis-related protein indicators. Lastly, we investigated whether nuclear respiratory factor 1 is the upstream transcription factor of CLTRN and whether dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and members of the RAS oncogene family are its interacting proteins. Conclusions CLTRN is a vital regulator of radiation sensitivity and could serve as a novel therapeutic target or prognostic marker in HCC treatment. Radiation therapy is a viable treatment option for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, radiation resistance and adverse effects are issues that needs to be addressed. Herein, for the first time, we investigated the ability of collectrin (CLTRN) to enhance radiosensitivity in patients with HCC. Transcriptome sequencing technology (RNA-seq technology) was used to analyze the transcription-level changes in the genes in HepG2 cells before and after x-ray irradiation. Combining the results with the HCC tissue RNA-seq data, we determined the ultimate target gene through bioinformatics analysis and cellular verification. A series of cellular and molecular biology techniques were applied in vitro and in vivo to confirm whether CLTRN can enhance radiosensitivity in HCC cells. Subsequently, the downstream action mechanism, the upstream transcription factor, and the interaction proteins of CLTRN were determined. First, we confirmed that CLTRN is the target gene for radiation therapy and verified the association between CLTRN and radiosensitivity. In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed. Investigation of the gene regulatory mechanism revealed that the genes analyzed at the transcriptome level after CLTRN overexpression were mostly enriched in the glutathione metabolic pathway. As glutathione metabolism forms a vital link in ferroptosis, we surmised that CLTRN is associated with ferroptosis. This was confirmed through detection of cellular iron, determination of reactive oxygen species levels, use of transmission electron microscopy, and monitoring of ferroptosis-related protein indicators. Lastly, we investigated whether nuclear respiratory factor 1 is the upstream transcription factor of CLTRN and whether dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and members of the RAS oncogene family are its interacting proteins. CLTRN is a vital regulator of radiation sensitivity and could serve as a novel therapeutic target or prognostic marker in HCC treatment.