Worldwide distribution of geomagnetic tides

Geomagnetic lunar-daily variations result from the Moon’s tidal action on the ionosphere and oceans. They provide information that bears on the general large-scale dynamics of the atmosphere, and can also add to our understanding of ionospheric processes. For these reasons the variations, though small, are worth determining from geomagnetic data. The data for this study are hourly mean values of the geomagnetic elements from 100 observatories for the interval 1957.5 to 1960.0. These are analysed by the Chapman-Miller method to obtain parameters of the principal lunar harmonics. For each observatory, the contribution of the sea tidal dynamo to these parameters is empirically determined; this contribution has been ignored in previous worldwide studies, but is shown here to be an appreciable proportion of the total lunar effect, and worthy of study in its own right. After removal of the ocean dynamo effect, the remaining geomagnetic lunar daily variation, ascribed to the ionospheric dynamo and its associated induced currents, is represented by a series of spherical harmonic coefficients, and separated into parts of internal and external origin. (In this context, the relative merits of spherical harmonic analysis and the Price-Wilkins method of analysis are discussed.) Internal and external current systems associated with the ionospheric dynamo effect are deduced. Similar analyses, for the solar daily geomagnetic variation and for the lunar semidiurnal tide in the atmospheric pressure, are appended.