DNA of the three elements: development of molecular genetic techniques in environmental research

Environmental DNA (eDNA) refers to genetic material extracted directly from natural substrates, such as soil, water, or air, rather than from a living organism. This innovative approach simplifies the identification of elusive and rare species that are often challenging to detect using traditional environmental monitoring methods. For instance, instead of deploying a camera trap to capture nocturnal visitors to a watering place, eDNA can be analyzed from footprints in the sand. The origins of eDNA analysis date back to the 1980s. Like many transformative ideas, the method builds on a combination of techniques long employed by biologists. Over the past four decades, advancements in methodology and technology have revolutionized the field, enabling the rapid and precise identification of species within complex ecological communities.