Light intensity differentially mediates the life cycle of lepidopteran leaf feeders and stem borers

Abstract BACKGROUND Leaf feeders, such as Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera litura , and stem borers Ostrinia furnacalis and Chilo suppressalis , occupy two different niches and are well adapted to their particular environments. Borer larvae burrow and inhabit the interior of stems, which are relatively dark. By contrast, the larvae of leaf feeders are exposed to sunlight during feeding. We therefore designed series of experiments to evaluate the effect of light intensity (0, 2000, and 10 000 lx) on these pests with different feeding modes. RESULTS The development of all four pests was significantly delayed at 0 lx. Importantly, light intensity affected the development of both male and female larvae of borers, but only significantly affected male larvae of leaf feeders. Furthermore, the proportion of female offspring of leaf feeders increased with increasing light intensity ( S. frugiperda : 33.89%, 42.26%, 57.41%; S. litura : 38.90%, 51.75%, 65.08%), but no significant differences were found in stem borers. This research also revealed that the survival rate of female leaf feeders did not vary across light intensities, but that of males decreased with increasing light intensity ( S. frugiperda : 97.78%, 85.86%, 61.21%; S. litura : 95.83%, 73.54%, 58.99%). CONCLUSION These results improve our understanding of how light intensity affects sex differences in important lepidopteran pests occupying different feeding niches and their ecological interactions with abiotic factors in agroecosystems. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.