Stereoselective In Vitro Metabolism, Hepatotoxicity, and Cytotoxic Effects of Four Enantiomers of the Fungicide Propiconazole

Propiconazole (PRO) is a chiral triazole fungicide that has been widely used for several years. However, its metabolic characteristics and hepatotoxicity in the chiral level environment remain unclear. In this study, the stereoselective behavior of PRO was investigated by using liver microsome incubation, cell viability assay, inhalation exposure, and molecular docking. Our results demonstrated that the isomers