The coming era of proteomics-driven precision medicine

ABSTRACT The concept of ‘proteomics-driven precision medicine’ highlighted in 2019 emphasized the potential of proteomics to transform precision medicine by offering deeper insights into dynamic biological processes. Since then, this field has seen remarkable advancements, interlinking with key pillars such as protein expression profiling, post-translational modifications, protein–protein interactions and spatial proteomics to transform healthcare. Technological progress has led to the creation of comprehensive reference maps of proteomes, identification of over 90% of human protein-coding genes, and detailed cellular and molecular landscapes within organs. Proteomics has significantly advanced health monitoring and disease surveillance by developing aging models, predicting disease risks with superior protein risk scores, identifying biomarkers for early conditions like dementia, and securing Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for multiple cancer biomarkers. By providing deeper insights into the proteome's complexity and dynamics, proteomics is revolutionizing our understanding, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, firmly establishing itself as a cornerstone of precision medicine.