Enhancing Automated Seizure Detection via Self-Calibrating Spatial-Temporal EEG Features with SC-LSTM

Epilepsy, a highly individualized neurological disorder, affects millions globally. Electroencephalography (EEG) remains the cornerstone for seizure diagnosis, yet manual interpretation is labor-intensive and often unreliable due to the complexity of multi-channel, high-dimensional data. Traditional machine learning models often struggle with overfitting and fail in fully capturing the highdimensional, temporal dynamics of EEG signals, restricting their clinical utility. In this study, we propose SC-LSTM, a novel hybrid deep learning architecture that integrates dynamic spatial and temporal feature extraction to enhance automated seizure detection. SC-LSTM comprises a SelfCalibrated Reconstruction Module (SCConvNet) for adaptive spatial feature representation and a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network for modeling temporal dependency. This parallel processing framework captures patient-specific EEG variability more effectively than traditional sequential models, promoting robust and discriminative feature learning. Comprehensive evaluations on two real-world neonatal EEG datasets, using K-fold crossvalidation and simulated single-channel signal loss, demonstrate that SC-LSTM achieved an accuracy of 97% and an area under the curve of 0.99, significantly surpassing the performance of CNN and CNN-LSTM models. Importantly, SC-LSTM maintained high diagnostic performance even under conditions of partial data loss from critical brain regions, underscoring its resilience to clinical variability and signal artifacts. By improving accuracy, stability, and adaptability in seizure detection, SC-LSTM exemplifies the application of artificial intelligence to support individualized diagnostics and embodies the core principles of precision medicine. The open-source availability of SC-LSTM further facilitates reproducibility, clinical translation, and future extensions across broader neurological disorder monitoring applications.