Integration of molybdenum disulfide and phosphorene into polymeric-based nanocomposite hydrogels for various biomedical applications: Recent advances and future prospects

Hydrogels have been used for various biomedical applications, such as substrates for controlled drug delivery, cell transplantation, endogenous regeneration, wound healing, and tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, non-cytotoxicity, and ease of structural modification. In this regard, integrating emerging two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials to prepare nanocomposite hydrogels can provide appropriate mechanical strength and thermal, electrical, and other properties. This incorporation produces hydrogels with functional properties for various biomedical applications. This study overviews the latest trends in integrating 2D nanomaterials (molybdenum disulfide and phosphorene) into the polymer matrix, their multifunctional applications, and future outlooks.