Natural biomass derived carbon dots: New implications for carbon dots development

Nanomaterials with outstanding photoluminescence (PL) and catalytic properties hold immense potential for molecular detection and biomedical applications. This category encompasses semiconductor quantum dots, metal nanoclusters (MNCs), and notably low-toxicity carbon dots (CDs). This article summarizes recent advances in CD structures, fluorescence mechanisms, catalytic performance, and synthesis strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on the sustainable conversion of waste biomass into value-added biomass-derived carbon dots (BCDs), as well as their emerging applications in green energy, environmental remediation, and biomedicine. Overall, this review provides deeper insights into BCDs and promotes their broader deployment across diverse technological fields.