Workplace involution behavior in China: a study based on grounded theory

Purpose This study aims to examine the manifestations of workplace involution behavior and explore the underlying mechanisms contributing to its emergence. Design/methodology/approach Semistructured interviews were conducted with 40 employees who reported experience with workplace involution. Three additional interviews were conducted to assess theoretical saturation. The data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach with NVivo 14.0. Findings This study identifies three interrelated manifestations of workplace involution behavior, namely, formal reinforcement, defensive engagement and competitive comparison. These dimensions are shaped by resource scarcity under competitive pressures and interact to form a self-reinforcing cycle of effort escalation and resource depletion. This study conceptualizes workplace involution as a distinct process of low-efficiency competition. Originality/value This study offers novel insights into the behavioral manifestations of workplace involution and provides practical implications for organizational leaders seeking to foster a healthier and more sustainable workplace.