Extracellular vesicles ameliorate intrauterine adhesion through Nrf2/GPX4-mediated ferroptosis suppression

This study identifies EVs as central functional components through which L. crispatus NCU-28 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, and it delineates the mechanistic role of EVs in ameliorating IUA. These findings provide a basis for developing innovative probiotic EV-based treatment strategies.