Short-chain fatty acid butyrate against TMAO activating endoplasmic-reticulum stress and PERK/IRE1-axis with reducing atrial arrhythmia

The accumulation of microbiota-derived trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the atrium is linked to the development and progression of atrial arrhythmia. Butyrate, a major short-chain fatty acid, plays a crucial role in sustaining intestinal homeostasis and alleviating systemic inflammation, which may reduce atrial arrhythmogenesis.