Clinical Outcomes of Tirzepatide or GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes

Importance Despite its demonstrated benefits in improving cardiovascular risk profiles, the association of tirzepatide with mortality and cardiovascular and kidney outcomes compared with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) remains unknown. Objective To investigate the association of tirzepatide with mortality and adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes compared with GLP-1 RAs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used US Collaborative Network of TriNetX data collected on individuals with type 2 diabetes aged 18 years or older initiating tirzepatide or GLP-1 RA between June 1, 2022, and June 30, 2023; without stage 5 chronic kidney disease or kidney failure at baseline; and without myocardial infarction or ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke within 60 days of drug initiation. Exposures Treatment with tirzepatide compared with GLP-1 RA. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and secondary outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), the composite of MACEs and all-cause mortality, kidney events, acute kidney injury, and major adverse kidney events. All outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results There were 14 834 patients treated with tirzepatide (mean [SD] age, 55.4 [11.8] years; 8444 [56.9%] female) and 125 474 treated with GLP-1 RA (mean [SD] age, 58.1 [13.3] years; 67 474 [53.8%] female). After a median (IQR) follow-up of 10.5 (5.2-15.7) months, 95 patients (0.6%) in the tirzepatide group and 166 (1.1%) in the GLP-1 RA group died. Tirzepatide treatment was associated with lower hazards of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.45-0.75), MACEs (AHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.91), the composite of MACEs and all-cause mortality (AHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.84), kidney events (AHR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.37-0.73), acute kidney injury (AHR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.88), and major adverse kidney events (AHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44-0.67). Treatment with tirzepatide was associated with greater decreases in glycated hemoglobin (treatment difference, −0.34 percentage points; 95% CI, −0.44 to −0.24 percentage points) and body weight (treatment difference, −2.9 kg, 95% CI, −4.8 to −1.1 kg) compared with GLP-1 RA. An interaction test for subgroup analysis revealed consistent results stratified by estimated glomerular filtration rate, glycated hemoglobin level, body mass index, comedications, and comorbidities. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, treatment with tirzepatide was associated with lower hazards of all-cause mortality, adverse cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury, and adverse kidney events compared with GLP-1 RA in patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings support the integration of tirzepatide into therapeutic strategies for this population.