Recent advances and future prospects of Ti3C2Tx MXene-based electrochemical sensors: A review

• MXene emerges as a promising candidate for advanced electrochemical sensing applications. • Ti 3 C 2 T x acts as electrochemical sensor transducers, enhancing charge transfer and serving as electro-catalysts. • Ti 3 C 2 T x -based electrochemical sensors are categorized by sensing mechanism and applications. • Challenges and opportunities in Ti 3 C 2 T x -based electrochemical sensors are discussed, guiding to boost their applications. Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, an advanced two-dimensional nanomaterial, has garnered significant interest, rivaling graphene and carbonitrides. Its numerous advantageous properties such as exceptional biocompatibility, high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and good chemical hydrophilicity position it as an ideal candidate for electrochemical sensor applications. Particularly, the unique combination of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene's attributes enables it to serve not only as a charge-transfer facilitator but also as an electro-catalyst, actively participating in electrochemical reactions during sensing processes. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the remarkable performance of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene and its hybrids as transducer materials for electrochemical sensors. We classify them based on sensing methodology and mechanism into three categories: traditional electrochemical chemo-sensors, traditional electrochemical biosensors, and flexible, portable and wearable electrochemical sensors. Additionally, we discuss their applications in environmental analysis, medical analysis, and food quality monitoring, highlighting their specificity and selectivity with or without the use of biomolecules. This review underscores the current challenges and emerging opportunities in Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene research, offering chemists the insights necessary to deepen their understanding in this field and achieve desired functional applications with enhanced performance.