Experimentally verified analytical models for the dynamic response of perovskite solar cells using measured I–V and C–V characteristics

Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have gained significant attention recently due to their high efficiency and potential for low-cost fabrication. Understanding the dynamic behavior of these cells is crucial for optimizing their performance and stability. In this paper, we propose experimentally verified analytical models for the dynamic response of perovskite solar cells. The models are developed based on the measured current–voltage ( $$I-V$$ I - V ) and capacitance–voltage ( $$C-V$$ C - V ) characteristics obtained from experiments. The study introduces the first fully analytical model for the dynamic response of perovskite solar cells, considering single, double, and triple diode models with three polynomials $$C-V$$ C - V fitting functions. The analytical models are fed by experimental measured data and coefficients and pot-processed by an equilibrium optimizer. The proposed methodology was investigated using five batches of cesium lead chloride perovskite solar cells, with a power conversion efficiency of around 16.35% ± 0.32%. The suggested analytical model with an equilibrium optimizer showed a significant capability to predict the cell circuit parameters with a root-mean-square error below 0.00103, as the minimum error recorded so far in PSCs.