Direct observation of crack formation mechanisms with operando Laser Powder Bed Fusion X-ray imaging

Laser powder bed fusion ( L -PBF) is a versatile additive manufacturing process that can print geometrically complex metal parts for a variety of applications. However, poor control of defect formation during processing hampers its widespread industrial adoption. Many materials suffer from a high crack susceptibility during L -PBF, which results in degraded mechanical properties, and is an obstacle to the certification of critical parts. In order to unveil the mechanisms of crack formation in a prone-to-cracking nickel-based superalloy, we employ high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging in combination with a miniaturized L -PBF set-up that reproduces real processing conditions. This unique set-up provides operando imaging of crack formation during L -PBF. Complementary post-mortem inspection of crack morphology and thermal simulations supported by operando X-ray diffraction-based measurements of the temperature evolution allow to identify the cracking mechanism and to differentiate solidification cracking from liquation.