Capsaicin-induced Ca2+ overload and ablation of TRPV1-expressing axonal terminals for comfortable tumor immunotherapy

NPs can alleviate tumor hypoxia and mitigate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Ultimately, this treatment system with dual capabilities of inhibiting tumor growth and relieving cancer pain makes comfortable tumor therapy feasible and paves the way for the development of patient-centered approaches to cancer treatment in the future.