Composite Scaffold Materials of Nanocerium Oxide Doped with Allograft Bone: Dual Optimization Based on Anti‐Inflammatory Properties and Promotion of Osteogenic Mineralization

Abstract Spinal fusion technique is widely used in the treatment of lumbar degeneration, cervical instability, disc injury, and spinal deformity. However, it is usually accompanied by a high incidence of fusion failure and pseudoarthrosis, placing higher demands on bone implants. Therefore, materials with good biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and even induce bone ingrowth, which can be used to improve spinal fusion rate and bone regeneration, have become a hot research topic. Here, ultra‐small cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) are prepared and loaded onto the surface of the homograft bone surface to prepare a composite scaffold AB@PLGA/CeO 2 . The composite scaffold shows the competitive ability to promote osteoblast differentiation in vitro. In vivo experiments show that AB@PLGA/CeO 2 has a good bone enhancement effect. In particular, good biological effects of collagen fiber formation, osteogenic mineralization, and tissue repair are shown in intervertebral implant fusion. Further, transcriptome sequencing confirms that CeO 2 NPs promote osteogenic differentiation and mineralization by regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen formation. Meanwhile, CeO 2 NPs can regulate the function of the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway to exert its ability to promote osteogenic differentiation and mineralization and affect p53 and cell cycle signaling pathway to regulate osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. Hence, the proposed scaffold is a promising strategy for intervertebral fusion in the clinic.