医学
糖尿病性视网膜病变
糖尿病
视网膜病变
内科学
入射(几何)
胃肠病学
维生素D与神经学
前瞻性队列研究
维生素D缺乏
2型糖尿病
内分泌学
物理
光学
作者
Yong Zhuang,Zihao Zhuang,Qingyan Cai,Xin Hu,Huibin Huang
摘要
Research has suggested that vitamin D deficiency is associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our study aimed to determine whether vitamin D deficiency is the cause of diabetic retinopathy or if diabetic retinopathy reduces vitamin D levels.Participants with type-2 diabetes were recruited for this prospective observational clinical study and were divided into a diabetic group without retinopathy and a diabetic group with retinopathy, with additional healthy volunteers serving as a control group. The differences in clinical characteristics among the three groups were also compared. Patients without retinopathy were then followed for 1 year to monitor the incidence of diabetic retinopathy. After follow-up, participants were divided into subgroups based on whether diabetic retinopathy occurred. The baseline data of the subgroups were compared, and the independent risk factors were analyzed.Vitamin D levels were generally low. Participants with diabetic retinopathy had significantly lower vitamin D levels than did those without retinopathy (P < 0.01). A comparison of the two subgroups revealed lower baseline vitamin D concentrations in the new-DR subgroup than in the non-DR subgroup (P < 0.01). Vitamin D deficiency and elevated HbA1c levels were found to be independent risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (OR = 0.935, 95% CI: 0.867-0.981, P = 0.006; OR = 2.208, 95% CI: 1.764-2.764, P < 0.01). The limit of vitamin D intake according to the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 26.01 ng/mL, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.603 (95% CI: 0.559-0.706, P = 0.002).Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy. More importantly, vitamin D deficiency may accelerate the onset of diabetic retinopathy.
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