Revisiting experimental models of erectile dysfunction and their value in drug discovery and development

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition that often signals underlying endothelial dysfunction although the underlying causative factor(s) are likely complex and multifactorial. Various animal models have been developed to provide a research platform to study ED and served as an important basis for the discovery and subsequent development of novel therapeutic drugs for ED. The review article provides an overview of various animal models in ED research with an emphasis on important drug target discovery relating to each specific experimental model The authors highlight translation from basic science research to major preclinical and clinical studies in this evolving field of ED research. Animal models simulate the pathological features of various types of ED and clarify their molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms aid in discovering drug targets, while established ED models also provide a basis for validating drug efficacy, safety, and specific action mechanisms. The development of techniques in detection methods, cellular experimental, and omics has a profound impact on disease prediction, model evaluation, and optimization of therapeutic modalities. On this basis, many drug therapies targeting these ED-related mechanisms, especially in the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathways have been applied in preclinical studies. However, focusing on drug development for those types of ED where phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor therapy is limited may be more valuable.