A thermochromic tissue-mimicking phantom model for verification of ablation plans in thermal ablation

BACKGROUND: Our study aims to develop a novel tissue-mimicking thermochromic with tumor model for visualization of thermal ablation and verification of ablation plans. METHODS: Polyacrylamide gel was mixed with thermochromic ink to produce a phantom model. A phantom model embedded in a tumor model was constructed and used to evaluate the ablation procedure. The phantom models were randomly divided into complete ablation group and incomplete ablation group. The ablation planning of the tumor was on the 3D US and performed on a phantom model. We guide the ablation procedures according to the ablation planning. The results measured in a gross specimen of the phantom model were compared with the expected results in ablation planning. RESULTS: The color of the model changes from cream white to magenta after heating. The mono-site ablation area is a spheroid after thermal ablation with a size of 3.0×1.8 cm at 60 W, 5 minutes, 3.5×2.5 cm at 60 W, 10 minutes, and 4.0×3.5 cm at 60 W, 15 minutes, respectively. According to the ablation planning, a total of 4 ablation points were needed to retrieve the complete ablation of a 3.0 cm tumor. The complete ablation and incomplete ablation were proved by a gross specimen of the phantom model as we expected. CONCLUSIONS: A novel thermochromic tissue-mimicking phantom model with a spherical tumor model has been designed and developed. The ablation area can be visualized on this phantom model by the permanent color change. This phantom model can assess the ablation planning system's accuracy and train operators for ultrasound-guided thermal ablation.