Recent Advancements in Green Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Selenium Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials due to their unique physicochemical properties and broad biomedical applications. This review critically summarizes recent advances in the green synthesis of SeNPs using bacterial, fungal, algal, and plant systems, highlighting their sustainability, biocompatibility, and reduced toxicity compared to conventional methods. Biological synthesis is preferred as it is eco‐friendly, energy‐efficient, and produces stable nanoparticles through natural reducing and capping agents. This review provides a comparative evaluation of different biosynthetic routes, highlighting their advantages, limitations, scalability, and reproducibility. Additionally, the antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory activities of SeNPs are systematically discussed along with their underlying mechanisms. Key challenges related to toxicity, biosafety, standardization, and clinical translation are also critically analyzed. Overall, this review underscores the scientific significance and future potential of green‐synthesized SeNPs in nanomedicine and sustainable biotechnology.