Synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and metal-support interactions in rare earth modified Cu–ZnO–Al 2 O 3 catalysts for CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol

Ce-doped CuZnAl with abundant oxygen vacancies and enhanced metal-support interaction achieves high-performance CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol, delivering 11.4% CO 2 conversion, 63.5% methanol selectivity, and STY of 155.3 g MeOH kg Cat −1 h −1 .