The non-haemadsorbing African swine fever virus isolate ASFV/NH/P68 provides a model for defining the protective anti-virus immune response

African swine fever virus ASFV/NH/P68 is a naturally occurring, non-haemadsorbing and non-fatal isolate. Longitudinal clinical and immunological studies on 31 pigs inoculated oronasally or intramuscularly with this isolate defined two discrete groups of animals: those developing ASF chronic type lesions and those remaining asymptomatic. Animals developing lesions had viraemia and fever late after infection, NK activity levels close to that of control animals and high levels of anti-ASFV specific antibodies together with a marked hypergammaglobulinaemia involving IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA immunoglobulin isotypes. Pigs remaining asymptomatic after infection, on the other hand, did not have viraemia or fever after day 14 post-infection and had elevated NK cell activity, but normal plasma Ig concentrations and relatively low specific anti-virus antibody concentrations throughout the duration of the experiments. Importantly, the latter group of pigs virus were resistant to subsequent challenge with the highly virulent ASFV/L60 isolate and survived with no major changes in any of the parameters examined and referred to above. Finally, lymphoproliferative responses to the mitogens concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen were not depressed in either of the two clinically defined groups of pigs. Thus further studies with this infection model may provide new insights on mechanisms of protective immunity to ASFV.